Notes on Matter

Chapter 1

Space, time, matter, and energy constitute what we call the physical world.

Four fundamental properties: length, time, mass, and electric charge.

Derived quantities: speed, energy, electric current, magnetism, force

Scientific methodology-know it!

Chapter 2

I will not ask material in pages 36-47

Note Eratosthenes's measurement in the 3rd century B.C. for the circumference of Earth.

Chapter 4

This is the most important chapter.

Know chemical notation and chemical formulas.

Know how to balance chemical reactions.

Example: burn natural gas (mostly methane)

There is no detectable change in the total mass during a chemical reaction.

Chemical compounds (molecules) are formed when atoms of different elements join together to make identical units.

Chapter 9

Know ionic and covalent bonding.

Understand notation for bonding.

Cohesion is the tendency for like molecules, such as those of water, to attract each other.

Surface tension, a consequence of cohesion, is the tendency of polar liquids (especially) to pull toward each other.

Adhesion is the tendency of unlike molecules to stick to each other (meniscus). (Adhesion forces between water and glass is stronger than cohesive forces of water).

Capillarly action is the ability of water or other polar liquids to pull themselves through small tubes; it occurs when the bore of the tube is so small that the surface adhesion is stronger than any other force acting on the liquid.

Hydrogen bonds occur between a hydrogen atom in a polar molecule and the negatively charged portion of another polar molecule. A hydrogen atom is left with a considerable positive charge when it shares its single electron with atoms such as oxygen, fluorine and nitrogen in a polar molecule.

An acid is a compound that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.

A base is a compound that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.