Links to Figures and Illustrations

• Newtonian mechanics
  1. Galileo Galilei [Dialogue on two new sciences (1638)]
  2. Giovanni Alfonso Borelli [De motu animalium (1679)]
  3. Injury in automobile accidents vs. vehicle weight

  
  

• Scaling
  1. Galileo's reasoning about giants
  2. The ratio of bone mass to total mass vs. size
  3. Balancing menagerie
  4. The flea
  5. Elephant skeleton
  6. Dinosaur locomotion
  7. Scaling of animal locomotion, acc. to Alexander
  8. Klieber's Law
  9. Brain Mass vs. Body Mass

  
  

• Representative bones and joints
  1. Human skeleton
  2. Human humerus
  3. Human femur
  4. The hip joint
  5. Human knee

  
  

• Locomotion and athletic performance
  1. Physics of pole vaulting
  2. A turn-of the (last) century pole vaulter (Muybridge)
  3. High jumper approaching the bar
  4. ... taking off
  5. ... in flight
  6. ... rising
  7. ... over
  8. ... the bar
  9. ... while keeping his cg below the bar.
  10. Galloping horse (Muybridge)
  11. Rhinoceros at full gallop
  12. Giraffe (frame 2)
  13. Giraffe (frame 5)
  14. Energy cost of walking
  15. Energy cost of walking & running vs. speed
  16. Stepping frequency vs. leg length (Pennycuick)
  17. Stepping frequency in walk and run

  
  

• Anatomy
  1. Human Torso
  2. Gorilla vs. human foot
  3. Skeletal muscles
  4. The human heart in situ
  5. The isolated human heart
  6. Pulmonary arteries and veins
  7. Animated model of the mammalian heart
  8. Human kidneys in situ
  9. Isolated kidney

  
  

• Thermodynamics
  1. Time autocorrelation function of white noise
  2. Specific heat of water vapor
  3. Construction of a black body
  4. Black body radiation spectrum

  
  

• Excitable cells
  1. Willem Einthoven, father of electrocardiography
  2. A library of diagnostic electrocardiograms
  3. Mechanism of the heart beat
  4. The spherical schematic heart model
  5. The primary action potential of the spherical heart model
  6. Hermann von Helmholtz
  7. Schematic drawing of a sarcomere
  8. Microphotograph of several sarcomeres in situ
  9. Cytoskeletal proteins
  10. Animated electron microscope sequence of myosin cross-bridges in action
  11. Schematic drawing of a nerve cell
  12. Passive electrical circuit model of the axon
  13. Numerical solution of a nonlinear pulse model (Hodgkin-Huxley model) of the axon
  14. Schematic illustration of nerve impulse
  15. What the ions are doing
  16. Another view of the ions
  17. Rotating chemical waves  (Scientific American, June, 1974)
  18. Encoding of intensity of sensation (from Bronk & Stella, Amer. J. Physiolog. 110 (1935) 708-714.

  
  

• The Ear and Hearing
  1. The Human Ear
  2. Another picture of the ear
  3. The mechanism of hearing
  4. Overview of the ear's function, incl. perception
  5. Ear bones
  6. The inner ear
  7. Closeup of the Cochlea
  8. Cross section of the Cochlea
  9. Fletcher-Munson Curves of equal loudness

  
  

• Sound production and the voice
  1. Schematic diagram of vocal anatomy
  2. Fourier decomposition of a sawtooth wave

  
  

• The human eye and vision

  Link to a good Web site on the eye Cross section of the eyeball Another cross-sectional view of the eyeball The “blind spot” in the visual field Block your right eye and look directly at the circle with your left eye. Now move closer to the screen: at a certain distance the square will disappear. If you move closer it reappears. Diffraction limitation on seeing Chromatic aberration Correcting for far- and near-sightedness Schematic diagram of eye-brain connection from Scientific American, September, 1979. Successive “slices” of eye and brain by MRI Multi-quantal theory of seeing Comparison with data of Hecht, et al.

  
  

• Radiation effects on living organisms
  1. Shoe Store X-ray machine
  2. X-ray picture of the human foot in its shoe
  3. Mass attenuation of gamma rays in water
  4. Mass attenuation of gamma rays in Pb
  5. Mass attenuation of alpha particles in H₂O
  6. Survival of irradiated cells
  7. Probability of cancer induction vs. dose
  8. Technetium scans of human heart

  
  

• Diagnosis
  1. Auscultation
     1. Stethoscope
     2. Amplified stethoscope

  2. Blood pressure measurement
     1. Technique
     2. Amplified Korotkoff sounds and cuff pressure oscillations vs. cuff pressure

  3. Ultrasound
     1. Echocardiogram (ultrasonic + Doppler image of beating heart)
     2. Visualization of carotid artery    Doppler study of carotid artery

  4. X-ray
     1. X-ray of Frau Roentgen's hand
     2. early X-ray picture of the human foot in its shoe
     3. CT scans of the human brain (patient exhibiting anoxic/toxic injury)
        • A
        • B

  5. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
     1. A Web based text on MRI

     2. MRI scans of the same brain (patient exhibiting anoxic/toxic injury)
        • A
        • B
        The patient was a young man who took the drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA), also known as “Ecstasy”.

     3. MRI visualization of the human lung (using hyperpolarized ³He)

  
  

• Some representative Calcium Oxalate kidney stones from Yours Truly