Physics 317/318 Syllabus
Procedures:
Work with one lab partner, normally the same one throughout the semester.
Obtain a bound lab notebook, and record all data in your
own notebook no later than before leaving the lab each day. Include brief
descriptions of the apparatus and the procedures; label columns of tables,
include units, etc. (as in the Physics 221,2 journal). Estimate the precision
of all measurements. Also leave some space to include or summarize subsequent
hand calculations, notes, etc.
Experiments:
You will do five experiments, selected in consultation with the
instructors. Criteria for selection of experiments, in addition to your
interest, include a balance of longer and shorter (or more difficult/easier)
experiments, a reasonable representation of different areas of physics,
a preference for experiments not previously done this semester, and balancing
the work load for the instructors who are responsible for particular
experiments.
When you have completed an experiment (and plotted preliminary graphs
of the data), meet individually with the appropriate instructor/T.A.
to sit down for about 5 minutes and go over your notebook. You should
be prepared to give a brief oral commentary on what you did, what the results
were, and what conclusions can be drawn. Pay attention to suggestions the
instructor may have on analysis or interpretation you should include in
your report. Then (A) write your report, and (B) begin the next experiment.
Choose and obtain an instruction sheet for your next experiment by the
end of preceding lab, and do enough reading so that you know what it is
all about before the first lab period on the new experiment. Check with
the instructor somewhat in advance about availability and suitability of
the experiment you are considering.
Reports:
The report is due one week from the next lab period after you finish the
experiment, or in any case, by the dates listed in the next section.
For the fourth experiment the detailed written report will be replaced
by an oral presentation to the class,
just after Thanksgiving.
The most important thing the instructor will look for is what qualitative,
and especially what quantitative, information you are able to extract from
your data. Physics content will be graded on a scale of 5.0 to 1.0, corresponding
roughly to A+ to D-. This grade also may be influenced slightly by quality
of organization and writing. Late penalties of 0.3 points/week
will be assessed.
The Department recognizes the importance of the ability to write clearly,
so the organization and writing of the reports, in addition to the content,
will be graded . Writing will be graded on a scale of S (satisfactory);
U+, U, U- (indicating minor to major deficiencies). Reports in the
U range will have to be revised, at least in part, after consultation with
the instructor. If you plan to use the course to satisfy the second
writing requirement, consult G. Hess early in the semester.
Format for Lab Reports:
Most lab reports will fit in a fairly standard format, which is outlined
below. It is up to you to decide how closely to follow this or when a different
arrangement may result in a clearer report. However, the following few
elements are required in this course:
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An ABSTRACT should appear on the title page. It is a concise summary
of what the reader will find in the paper. State in three of four sentences:
"This
is what we did. These are the main things we found." You should
use appropriate technical terms, leaving their definitions and explanations
for the Introduction.
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The last page or two should be a BIBLIOGRAPHY. List all references
works used, whether explicitly cited in the text or not. Use citations
throughout the paper to acknowledge sources. These citations may be by
number or by author, e.g. [1] or [Melissinos, p. 54]. Comments on the value
to you of individual references are be useful, but optional.
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The text should tie everything together in a linear sequence. Therefore
all Tables, Figures, and Graphs should be cited
by number at an appropriate place in the text. You may number
Graphs in a separate sequence from Figures (the later being sketches, diagrams,
photographs, etc.) or they can all be treated as Figures in a single numbering
sequence. Place Figures, Graphs, and Tables in the text as close as possible
to where they are cited (rather than at the end of the report). They may,
however, be on separate pages from the text; this is particularly convenient
if revisions are necessary (for instance, of the text but not the figures).
.
The body of the report will normally contain the following elements.
The headings may be included explicitly, or omitted, or grouped differently.
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Introduction or Background. Say briefly what the experiment is all
about: Give some historical context, but not many pages or long quotations.
Outline theoretical results which will be needed, but omit intermediate
steps of derivations; you don't have to tell everything you know. Be sure
to define all terms appearing in formulas. Do not make this section too
large a fraction of the report. (Theory could be a separate heading).
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Apparatus and Procedure. Describe the apparatus, using diagrams
and identifying the specific pieces of equipment. Explain exactly what
measurements you made.
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Experimental Data. Give a narrative, which cites data in tables
and graphs. Remember: All figures and tables should be numbered,
and should have captions, or at minimum, labels.
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Analysis. Compute from your data whatever quantities are most appropriate
for making comparison with theory, or for extracting useful information.
Where repetitive calculations are necessary, present one sample calculation
to make the procedure clear. Be sure to include a precision analysis
(i.e., "error" analysis), which starts from estimates of the uncertainties
of the measured quantities and leads to an estimate of the precision in
the final quantity derived [See any of References, below]. Remember that
the crux of the report is how much you can get out of your measurements.
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Conclusions. State the main results, but omit vague generalities.
List and discuss possible causes of any discrepancies between your experiment
and theory or previous measurements; bring your estimate of precision into
the discussion. You might suggest specific improvements of the experiment.
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Bibliography. See above.
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Abstract. (See above.) This is part of title page of the report,
but it is a good idea to write it last, when you know exactly what
you are summarizing.
Problems of organization can arise when the experiment has several parts
(A, B,...). Do you describe all of the Procedure, then all of the Data,
etc.; or do you do everything for part A, then everything for part B. etc.
("everything" being topics 1 to 5, or maybe 2 through 4). It is your
job to find a satisfactory solution for the particular report.
It may be useful to model your reports on old Physical Review papers.
Go back to about 1950, when they were not too condensed, and look at a
few short experimental papers. Also see Squires, p.169-175. Include in
your report photographs and chart records if you can get them away from
your lab partner. Otherwise, photocopy.
The actual write-ups, and interpretive work done out of the lab, should
be done individually. However it is difficult to set a rigid rule on how
far partners should cooperate (it generally will be obvious to the grader
how far they did cooperate) and for that reason reports are not pledged.
You should be diligent in citing sources, both for the benefit of
the reader who wants more information, and to acknowledge your debt to
the work of others (i.e., to avoid plagiarism, whether out of intent to
deceive or just laziness).
Reports are normally word-processed, at least the text; but neat handwriting
is acceptable. Graphs are most conveniently done with a spreadsheet or
graphics program, but can also be hand drawn. In either case, be sure that
axes are labeled, with units, and each graph has a "Graph" or "Figure"
number and a caption.
Revisions:
You will be required to rewrite reports if the writing is not satisfactory.
This may involve problems of overall organization, coherence of paragraphs,
use of complete sentences, dangling participles, felicity and precision
of expression, and probably other things which grate on the instructor's
sensibilities when he reads the report.
We ask that with your revision you return the previous version of the
report (or what is left of it after you have stripped any figures or other
pages reused in the new version).
References:
These are on Reserve for PHYS 317 or PHYS 221. They all describe treatment
of "errors" (i.e., estimation of precision) and several offer advice on
writing lab reports.
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G.L. Squires, Practical Physics (Cambridge, 1987). This brief book
is an excellent guide to what we will expect in lab reports.
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D.C. Baird, Experimentation, 2nd ed. (Prentice Hall, 1988). Similar
first edition is still good.
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P.R. Bevington, Data Reduction... (McGraw-Hill, 1969). Valuable
reference for practical error analysis and curve fitting. Somewhat esoteric
on the philosophic underpinnings.
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L. Lyons, Data Analysis...(Cambridge, 1991).