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Our group's current research concerns experimental investigations into symmetries of nature, in particular, elucidating the source of the slight asymmetry between matter and antimatter, or CP violation. This tiny asymmetry is thought to be responsible for the nearly absolute asymmetry between matter and antimatter in the universe, indeed why there is any matter at all in the universe. Although such matter-antimatter asymmetries have been observed in the decay of neutral kaons and beauty mesons, they are too small to explain the cosmological asymmetry: new sources are needed. One goal of our research is to search for these new sources, which will undoubtedly come from physics beyond the standard model. To quote Bigi and Sanda from their book, CP Violation:
"We are willing to stake our reputation on the prediction that dedicated and comprehensive studies of CP violation will reveal the presence of New Physics."

A new idea to explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe is called leptogenesis. Rather than the asymmetry being caused directly by the behavior of particles composed of quarks, baryons such as the proton and neutron, it is caused by an asymmetry between leptons and antileptons. The lepton asymmetry is then converted into a baryon asymmetry. Models explaining neutrino masses and leptogenesis can produce lepton flavor violation, for example, the conversion of a muon into an electron. These ideas have led our group to experiments investigation matter-antimatter asymmetries in neutrinos, as well as the search for lepton flavor violation.

The four experiments that we are currently working on, D-zero, HyperCP, Mu2e, and NOvA, are all either directly searching for matter-antimatter asymmetries, or are searching for related phenomena. D-zero is a general purpose experiment designed to search for a variety of phenomena at the highest energy scales. Our interest in D-zero is the search for lepton flavor violation. HyperCP was designed to search for exotic sources of matter-antimatter asymmetries. NOvA will perform a variety of neutrino measurements, including what could be the first search for matter-antimatter asymmetries in neutrinos. Finally, Mu2e, which will search for lepton flavor violation with unprecented sensitivities, will be one of the flagship experiments of the future Fermilab high-intensity physics program.

What's New?


NOvA Experiment
NOvA is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment designed to make several important measurements of neutrino properties. In the last ten year years since the discovery of neutrino mass through their oscillations — the first evidence of physics beyond the standard model — much has been learned about neutrinos. Yet much remains to be learned. NOvA is poised to make seminal measurements of neutrino properties and will be one of the flagship experiments of the Fermilab experimental program, indeed the US domestic particle physics program.

NOvA consists of two detectors, a far detector sited in northern Minnesota, and a near detector on site at Fermilab. The far detector, at 15,000 tons, will be one of the largest ever built. Construction started in 2009 and will continue for about four years.

Virginia's role on NOvA The Virginia group is responsible for all aspects of two critical components of the NOvA detectors: the Power Distribution System (PDS) that provides power to all of the electronics, and the Detector Control and Monitoring System.

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A few NOvA Talks
NOvA Power Distribution System: .ppt .pdf
Norman, Nufact07, August 2007
NOvA: the NuMI Offaxis νe Appearance Experiment: .ppt .pptx
Norman, Nufact07, August 2007
Accelerator Based Neutrino Physics at Fermilab: .ppt
Dukes, SESAPS Meeting, October 2008


Mu2e Experiment
The goal of Mu2e is to search for lepton flavor violation in the process μNeN at the level of 2 x 10^-17, four orders of magnitude beyond the present level of sensitivity. This would make it sensitive to many theories for new physics beyond the standard model, including supersymmetry and models explaining the neutrino mass hierarchy. The experiment is part of the new high intensity physics program upon which Fermilab is embarking, called Project X, although Mu2e will run before Project X is completed.

Mu2e was given Stage I approval by Fermilab in November, 2008. We are now designing the detector and beamline in detail, and working toward a bottom's up cost estimate. It is anticipated that construction would start in 2011.

Virginia's role on Mu2e The Virginia group is involved in the electromagnetic calorimeter. Dukes is head of the Institutional Board and was editor of the experimental proposal.

[IMG]
A few Mu2e Talks
Beyond E=mc^2: Rare Particle Decays .ppt
Dukes, AAAS Meeting, Februray 2009
A High-Sensitivity Search for Charged Lepton Flavor Violation at Fermilab .ppt
Dukes, Nufact 08, July 2008
A High-Sensitivity Search for Charged Lepton Flavor Violation at Fermilab .ppt
Dukes, University of Minnesota, May 2008


DØ Experiment

The DØ experiment has been a world leader in collider physics. DØ operates at the energy frontier, colliding a proton beam with an anti-proton beam at a center of mass energy of 1.96 TeV (trillion electron volts) at Fermilab's Tevatron accellerator. DØ will continue to run and collect data through at least the end of 2011. The almost six fb^{-1} of data already recorded has allowed researchers to investigate the most pressing topics in modern physics, including searchs for the Higgs boson, searchs for signs of Super Symmetry, observation of the top quark, discovery of new baryons with heavy quark content, and precision measurements from the decay of heavy B-mesons.

The University of Virginia High energy group in heavily involved in both the operations of the experiment and the analysis of the data sets currently collected. The research goals of the Virginia group are focused on two areas of investigation that tie in to our work on NOvA and Mu2E.

Within the B-meson systems (the class particles consisting of a quark and anti-quark pair, where one of the quarks is heavy "bottom" flavor quark) we are looking at the class of possible decays of the B_s (a bottom + strange quark state) where a dilepton state is possible. These types of decays and in particular B_s -> mu mu and B_s -> mu e allow us to probe with extreme precision for matter/anti-mater asymmetries in the CKM mixing matrix through the measurement of Flavor Changing Weak Neutral currents (FCNC) and also for Lepton Family Number Violation (LFV) at can arise naturally through contributions from super symmetry to the B_s -> mu e decay mode. In addtion we are investigating a series of other related decay modes bottom-strange meson which isolate specific type of FCNC and LFV currents. The program of investigation is handled through our Rare B Physics working group, and has openings for Virginia graduate student to pursue their doctoral research.

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DØ Working Groups
Rare B Decays and B Physics .ppt
Alternate Tuesdays 4pm Central (Norman/Dukes)
Higgs->WW Analysis .ppt
Mondays 2pm Central (Hirosky/Bueller/Zellich)


HyperCP Experiment
The HyperCP experiment was initiated by Craig Dukes and Kam-Biu Luk (Berkeley). Dukes has served as co-spokesperson since its inception. It was designed to search for rare phenomena in the decay of hyperonds, in paricular, matter-antimatter asymmetries, or CP violation, in Λ and Ξ decays. To do so we designed and built one the highest rate spectrometers ever made, and, in 1997 and 1999 accumulated the largest data sample ever taken: 231 billion events, or twenty times all the data on all the World Wide Web pages in the world at the time.

The CP violation analysis showed no evidence of any matter-antimatter asymmetry at the 10^-4 level, a two order of magnitude improvement in sensitivity. This implies that there are probably no exotic sources of CP violation in hyperon decays. Among other results we have observed the rarest baryon decay ever, Σ → pμ μ, and find hints that it may proceed via a hitherto unknown intermediate state that some have suggested could be the sgoldstino, a supersymmetric particle, or perhaps the Higgs.

Virginia's role on HyperCP The Virginia group played a seminal role in the fabrication of the spectrometer, designing and building: the upstream wire chambers, the hadronic calorimeter, the proton hodoscope, the triggers, and all 20,000 channels of preamplifiers. All of the CP violation analyses were done by Virginia, and indeed all of the precision measurements.

[IMG]
A few HyperCP Talks
The Search for New Physics in Hyperon Decays .ppt
Dukes, Carnegie-Mellon Seminar, March 2007
Search for CP Violation in Ξ and Λ Hyperon Decays with the HyperCP spectrometer at Fermilab .ppt
Materniak, BEACH 2008 talk, June 2008
What's the Matter with Antimatter? .ppt
Dukes, Society of Physics Students talk, December 2006
The Search for CP Violation in Hyperon Decays .ppt
Dukes, BEACH06 talk, July. 2006


Last update of this page: 4 March 2009